The
Edible Plants of Thanksgiving!
From the Davis Enterprise
My New England
grandmother put on a classic Norman Rockwell Thanksgiving dinner each year.
Many of you could probably recite the menu, and it never varied. Oh, at one
point she added mashed turnips to the fare, because my fatherÕs mother had told
her that my father loved them. This was patently untrue, and neither did anyone
else, but there were some things you just didnÕt tell Grandma. So year after
year the dish of lovingly mashed and buttered turnips sat untouched. But now I
have a son who loves braised turnips with the holiday meal.
The modern menu
has become a mix of foods from around the world. But it is still heavy on the
fruit, roots, and grains of our American natives—albeit eastern natives
and plants originally domesticated from central and South America. Cranberry
sauce, succotash, the starchy side dishes and pies all have American origins.
Some of the plants can be grown here; others have special requirements that
would make it difficult.
I have a vivid
memory of a rather tense discussion between my father and grandfather about the
origins of that hard, candied fruit that sticks in your teeth when you eat
fruitcake. One said it was a citrus, the other said it was a melon. These were
two proud men, each sure of his position. The oldest child was eventually
dispatched upstairs to look it up in the encyclopedia. The answer is at the
end.
So to help your
family resolve these factual disputes, here is some basic information about the
Thanksgiving comestibles!
CruditŽs:
The colonists
didnÕt have any of these!
Vegetable sticks:
- Carrot -- Daucus carota sativa, and
- Celery -- Apium graveolens dulce.
These are cool
season annuals; celery is from Europe and Asia, and carrots are probably from
Afghanistan. Planted in early fall for winter and spring crops. Celery is
surprisingly easy to grow, but a little tricky to blanch for the pale stalks
you see in the store. So garden celery is green and has strong flavor. Carrots require loose soil or the roots
will be misshapen, and the seed takes a long time to germinate. So it is often
planted together withÉ
- Radishes -- Raphanus sativus
From the
Mediterranean. Family: Brassicaceae (Mustard). Radish seeds germinate in days,
and are ready to harvest in 3 – 6 weeks. Planted in fall or early spring
in loose soil. The carrot seeds will just be sprouting as you pull the
radishes.
Small tree, grown
in full sun. Easy, ornamental, drought tolerant. Common allergy plant.
From:
Mediterranean. Family: Oleaceae
Soaked
in water, brine or lye to remove the bitter glucosides. Usually cured from
green olives in California, then some are processed by bubbling air through the
solution to make them turn black. Black (ripe) fruit are used for Italian and
Greek-style olives.
- Cranberries -- Vaccinium
macrocarpon
Low ground covering shrub, needs very
moist, acidic soil. Grown in bogs for ease of harvest (just beat the bushes,
float off the berries).
Most common species is from Northeastern U.
S. and Canada. Family: Ericaceae
(Heather family). Full of anti-oxidants, great for the urinary tract.
Side dishes:
- Potatoes -- Solanum tuberosum
Tuber-forming tender perennial grown as
annual. Easy to grow in loose soil (add compost), planted anytime spring to
summer. Potatoes from your garden are much sweeter than store-bought.
From the Andes. Family: Solanaceae (Tomato)
- Sweet potatoes -- Ipomoea batatas
Tuber-forming tender perennial, grown as
annual. Needs a very long warm season. Plant in loose soil in late spring.
From the American tropics. Family:
Convolvulaceae (Morningglory)
The red Sweet potato is commonly called
ÔyamÕ, which is also the common name of Dioscorea, a starchy tuberous perennial grown in
tropical Africa and Asia; too tender to grow here.
Annual grass grown in the summer. From
Mesoamerica. Family: Poaceae (Grasses).
Plant from mid-spring to mid-summer. Sweet corn was a spontaneous mutation from field corn in
the 19th Century, meaning that the colonists ate, um, field corn. Flavorful,
but chewy. Often mixed withÉ.
- Lima beans – Phaseolus
limensis
Summer annual. From Andes and
Mesoamerica. Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Plant late spring to mid-summer; the later
plantings will give you a fall crop for your holiday table.
Corn and Lima beans, seasoned with a little onion
and salt, are combined to make succotash. Yankees apparently add bacon and
tomatoes. Some people add cream, and Midwesterners probably add cream of
mushroom soup, sprinkle with crumbs, and bake it. All just attempts at
disguising the fact that youÕre serving lima beans.
- Pearl onions – Allium cepa
Bulb-forming perennials. Origin
of onions is unknown; among the earliest cultivated plants. Family:
Amaryllidaceae.
White, yellow, or red onions
are planted at very high density to produce very small (pearl) or small
(boiler) bulbs. You can do this yourself by planting a bunch of seed in a pot
in a sunny spot in the spring, and thin them (use the thinnings as green
onions) to about 2 inches apart. TheyÕll bulb up in the late summer.
Stuffing:
My grandmother never made any
other stuffing than that which is made with cubed bread (and being from Boston,
she called it ÔdressingÕ). The seasoning that makes this old-fashioned recipe
distinctive is crumbled dried sage leaves, presumably imported by the colonists
at great expense from the mother country.
- Garden sage – Salvia
officinalis
Small shrub to 3Õ, with
attractive grayish leaves, some forms with purple or creamy variegation. From
the Mediterranean. Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae: Mint family)
Loves heat; drought-tolerant.
Very easy to grow. Fresh chopped leaves are more pungent.
IÕm told that in some families
stuffing for the bird can be made from other things such as corn bread, and
that exotic ingredients might include wild rice, or nuts such as pecans,
filberts, or pinenuts! Imagine.
- Wild Rice – Zizania palustris
Annual grass native and
cultivated in the northern Midwestern states, harvested by native Americans in
the eastern US and Canada. Not related to the rice from Asia (Oryza), but some
rice farmers in California cultivate Zizania.
- Filberts – Corylus avellana,
C. maxima
Small trees grown in Oregon.
Not tolerant of hot, dry climates.
- Pinenuts – edible nuts are
harvested from at least 17 species of Pinus, including 8 American natives. Most
common:
Pinus monophylla and P. edulis, the pinyons harvested by
Native Americans in the west; very slow, not common in the trade.
Pinus pinea, the Italian stone pine.
Broad-spreading, huge tree too large for most yards.
Dessert:
- Pecan – Carya illinoensis
Hardy, large
deciduous tree. From south and central U.S. Family: Juglandaceae (Walnut).
Easy to grow,
upright to 40Õ +. Need careful training for good branch structure.
- Pumpkin – Cucurbita pepo pepo
Annual vine grown
in the summer. From South America. Family: Cucurbitaceae.
Plant May –
July in full sun, water deeply and regularly; give plenty of room! Use
varieties bred for pie filling (usually just called ÔSugarÕ or ÔPieÕ), as they
have a denser texture and better flavor than jack-o-lantern varieties.
And of course, the
whole meal depends onÉ
Sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum)
is grown in tropical areas. Can be grown in pots, protected from winter cold,
for fun. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)
is a cool season biennial with 12 – 20% sugar content in the tubers,
formerly an important crop in Yolo and Solano counties.
So what did my
brother find when he looked up Citron? He came back down with a broad smile:
citron is made from the candied peel of BOTH a citrus and a melon.
Subtropical tree,
among the more tender citrus, but can be grown here with winter protection.
From the Mediterranean. Family: Rutaceae.
Peel
is fermented, then candied to become that hard stuff in fruitcake, but it is
expensive. So much of the colored stuff you see in fruitcake isÉ
- Citron melon – Citrullus
vulgaris
Annual
vine, grown in the summer. From North Africa. Family: Cucurbitaceae. Plant April
– June in full sun, water deeply, give plenty of room. Can reseed to become
a weed. A small, white-fleshed watermelon with thick rind, which is the part
that is candied for fruitcake.
